Tuesday, February 17, 2009

courtier

I can't imagine a time when a woman could only be educated if she sold her body to man or life to God. Just to be literate! I feel like a bad woman for taking literacy for granted (this comes after having watched The Reader, too). Note to self: I must reflect on my writing more often. 

This brings me to The Courtier demanding that women, "have a swetenesse in language and a good utterance to enterein all kinde of men with communication woorth the hearing, honest, applyed to time and place and to the degree and disposition of the person wich is her principal profession." I would like to compare this to the brief clipped we watched from Dangerous Beauty

Dangerous Beauty is about Veronica Franco, a famous Italian courtesan. Her story begins as a child of a courtesan. She makes her way in the world of cortesanship, but is eventually tried for witchcraft. Although she is found not guilty, her reputation is tarnished and she ends her life living in a part of town known for common prostitutes.

The quote from the Courtier that I have chosen means that a woman should be able to carry a conversation, but also know when is appropriate to keep her mouth shut. Because she is not man, she cannot go about telling her thoughts and opinions all the time, she must respect her company and be willing to conform in order to impress. "Sweetnesse in language" probably means to speak softly, not boldly. It would be unwomanly to be outspoken or overemotional. Furthermore, a woman should be able to "entertain all kinde of men" and that her talk should never be shallow, or dull. 

In Dangerous Beauty Veronica is clearly sad that her friend (her love interest's sister?) is forced by her parents to marry an older man. It is evident that Veronica wants to say something to her friend, the parents, and even her love interest about how the money and ties for family lineage shouldn't sacrifice her friend's happiness. She doesn't say anything [at least not before they are married...] because she doesn't want to step on any toes and ruin her reputation as an 'honest courtesan'. Although she hasn't officially become one yet, she understands her place in society and tries to live up to the expectations of a woman the best she can. 

Furthermore, the Mona Lisa exemplifies this attitude as well. ( I know, I wasn't supposed to mention this...) The smirk on her face suggests something entertaining, as if she has a secret to tell, but the mystery [and her mouth actually being shut] illustrates this quality of the perfect Renaissance woman. 

Furthermore, although not a "certified courtesan, " Artemisa Gentileshci exemplifies the the qualties of a "gentylwoman." For example, women were "to have the vertues for the minde, as wisdome, jstice, noblenesse of courage, temperance, strength of the minde, continencey, sobermoode, etc."  She "born and of a good house," her father being the famous Orazio. Of her siblings, she was the only one taught painting by her father. Although men flourished during this period, many historians often often think not. Artemisa shows, however, that at least one did. 

Sunday, February 15, 2009

Purgatory

Based on the "95 Theses" by Martin Luther, I think it is an accurate assessment to say that in the 16th century purgatory held a negative connotation. If it was positive, people would be content having their souls in purgatory versus the pains of hell. No one would have had the desire to buy indulgences if they hadn't truly thought purgatory was a terrible place to be "stuck".

The two theses that clearly state purgatory as being a negative place are as follows:
16. Hell, purgatory, and heaven seem to differ as do despair, almost-despair, and the assurance of safety.
17. With souls in purgatory it seems necessary that horror should grow less and love increase. [but since he wanted to argue this point, it means that horror grows greater and love decreases]

In the "95 Theses" there are other numerous statements that mention the "penalty of purgatory." In the translation I read, 13 of the 95 theses mention purgatory directly. Considering that Martin Luther started a revolution that would forever change the religious world and define future generations, it is obvious that many people agreed with his ideas. They thought that how the church treated purgatory was unjust. Being utterly consumed and concerned with the afterlife, put the living in a purgatory themselves; never living life to the fullest for fear of the church.

Could the connotation of purgatory really change that much over the past 5 centuries? I think not. I think it is against human nature to want to be stuck anywhere. It is certainly a punishment, because if one hadn't done something wrong they wouldn't be there in the first place, and that IS the irony of indulgences. Trying to pray or buy souls out of purgatory is against purgatory itself, and isn't that the case for Luther's entire Reformation?